Reddit responded on April 28 to news that a group of researchers had conducted a secret experiment using artificial intelligence chatbots in one of its most popular forums. The actions of those involved in the experiment have raised questions about whether deception is ever justified when conducting research on human subjects.
AI infiltration
A team of unnamed researchers at the University of Zurich conducted an unauthorized, months-long experiment on Reddit users in the r/changemyview (CMV) subreddit, deploying dozens of AI bots powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) to engage in debates on controversial topics. The subreddit invites people to share their viewpoints, sparking conversation among those with different perspectives.
The team utilized over a dozen accounts run by AI bots to generate more than 1,700 comments in the forum. In some instances, the bots claimed they were “rape survivors, worked with trauma patients or were Black people who were opposed to the Black Lives Matter movement,” 404 Media said. The researchers used another AI data scraper to analyze people’s posting history and identify personal information that would enhance the effectiveness of the bots’ responses to them, such as “their age, race, gender, location and political beliefs.”
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None of the Reddit users who were experimented on were informed of the experiment, nor did they give consent. The researchers also failed to notify the subreddit’s moderators, despite the forum’s rules requiring disclosure of posts generated by AI. In March, the moderators received a message from the researchers disclosing the topic. The team defended their study and the “societal importance of this topic,” claiming it was “crucial to conduct a study of this kind, even if it meant disobeying the rules.” Following the disclosure, the Reddit moderators filed an ethics complaint with the University of Zurich, “requesting that the research not be published, that the researchers face disciplinary action and that a public apology be issued,” Mashable said. The moderators and Reddit users expressed “deep disappointment over the lack of informed consent — a fundamental principle of any human-subjects research.”
Reddit has plans to pursue “formal legal demands” for what the company’s top lawyer said was an “improper and highly unethical experiment.” What this University of Zurich team did was “deeply wrong on both a moral and legal level,” said Reddit’s Chief Legal Officer, Ben Lee, in a post on the forum.
Academics respond to the ethical dilemma
The experiment has faced criticism from other academics, who also raised ethical concerns about the actions taken by the researchers. The experiment is “one of the worst violations of research ethics I’ve ever seen,” Casey Fiesler, an information scientist at the University of Colorado, said on Bluesky. Manipulating people in online communities using “deception without consent” is not a low-risk activity, and as evidenced by the discourse that followed on Reddit, it has “resulted in harm.”
The experiment damaged the integrity of the CMV forum itself, said Sarah Gilbert, the research director of the Citizens and Technology Lab at Cornell University. The CMV subreddit has been an “important public sphere for people to engage in debate, learn new things, have their assumptions challenged and maybe even their minds changed,” she said on Bluesky. “Are people going to trust that they aren’t engaging with bots?” And if they don’t, “can the community serve its mission?”
In an era when so much criticism is leveled “against tech companies for not respecting people’s autonomy,” it is “especially important for researchers to hold themselves to higher standards,” University of Oxford ethics professor Carissa Véliz said to New Scientist. “And in this case, these researchers didn’t.” The study was based on “manipulation and deceit with non-consenting research subjects,” she added. “That seems like it was unjustified.”
“Deception can be OK in research, but I’m not sure this case was reasonable,” Matt Hodgkinson at the Directory of Open Access Journals said to New Scientist. It is ironic that researchers “needed to lie to the LLM to claim the participants had given consent,” he said. “Do chatbots have better ethics than universities?”
